Chinese Film Crows and Sparrows directed by Zheng Junli et al (1949) Essay

Chinese Film Crows and Sparrows directed by Zheng Junli et al (1949) commentary - Essay Example As such, the developer of the film, Zheng Junli adopts a critical view of the society as he addresses numerous issues affecting the citizenry at the time through artistic portrayal of numerous thematic issues in the film. Arguably, the success of the film, Crows and Sparrows arose from the artistic innovation exhibited by the developers. The film is a criticism of the early Chinese society during the revolutionary ages. The developer strives to recreate the events. In doing this, the developer employs numerous film creation techniques in enhancing the recreation process. The setting of the fictional storyline is the war-torn Chine with the war influencing the successive plot for the film. However, in order to create the setting the developer portrays his creativity and innovation as the position the story line in the society. Among the key features that portray the developer’s creativity is the selection of appropriate characters in the film. The film stars Zhao Dan and Sun Daolin both of who are professional actors. The two among the many other characters in the film portray their professionalism thus enhancing the success of the film in its recreation of the society. In retrospect, arts are relative. Such is a fundamental argument that validates the numerous techniques used in the creation of the film. The development of the film contributed to the burgeoning film industry in China as the time. Just as was the case with many other films that debut at the time, the film exhibited creativity and

Yellow Fever Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Yellow Fever - Essay Example It is similar to the â€Å"West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus† (CDC 2010, section ‘Yellow fever virus transmission’). The virus is spread by mosquitoes in tropical regions of South America and Africa (CDC 2010, PHAC 2010, PubMed Health 2009, WHO 1993, WHO 2011). It replicates inside the mosquito (WHO 1993) and after being bitten by an infected mosquito, symptoms usually occur within three to six days (CDC 2010, PubMed Health 2009, WHO 2011). There is no treatment of yellow fever, but the focus is on symptom management and vaccination (WHO 2011). Many difference species of the Haemogogus and Aedes mosquitoes are vectors or hosts that act as a vessel to spread the flavivirus that causes yellow fever (WHO 2011). It can be transferred between monkeys, between people, and from monkeys to humans (WHO 2011). Mosquitoes can be classified as domestic, wild, or semi-domestic and there are three main transmission cycles (CDC 2010, PHAC 2010, WHO 2011). In the first cycle known as the sylvatic yellow fever (or jungle), monkeys are infected by mosquitoes who then pass on the virus to mosquitoes that bite them.

Public Safety and Privacy Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Public Safety and Privacy Analysis - Essay Example Back in the 1970's the Supreme Court tackled in the case of Roe v. Wade the issues of pregnancy and even abortion as private matters (Chaiten, 2004). Today, however, the shift is on making the aspects of private realm as pertinent concerns of the state, especially when it comes to the issue of public safety. In the case of People v. Samson, the court ruled upon the rights of a parolee. The facts of the case focus on the encounter between the parolee and a police officer. It was September 6, 2002 police officer Alex Rohleder, while patrolling, saw and recognized the parolee Donald Curtis Samson whom he heard from his colleagues as having 'a parolee at large warrant.' Rohleder approached and inquired. Samson declared that he was then 'in good standing with his parole agent.' All the same, police officer Rohleder decided to conduct a search and justified the said search by claiming that as a parolee, there is a need to make sure that Samson obeys the laws and rules. It is a mere privilege that Samson has been set out of prison and he will be discharged Samson if he has 'nothing illegal.' There is actually a condition on Samson's parole that grants any officer the right to search at any time whether or not there is a warrant. This is a valid condition and it is implemented to all parolees i n the State of California. The police officer found cigarette box and discovered a plastic bag with methamphetamine. Samson was arrested. Samson filed a motion to suppress evidence, but this was denied. He was convicted and sentenced to imprisonment. He appealed before the Court of Appeals which affirmed the validity of the parole search. Analysis There are some situations and events that people undergo at present that are claimed to justify the interference of the state into what used to be purely private matters. This can be attributed to the onset of globalization and the too many changes it has brought to the society. It is a fact that most of the crimes committed today are those that goes beyond what the public can right away see. Some people are molested, harmed and harassed, even if there is no physical contact because of the internet and computer technology. Also, the terrorism that the whole world was able to witness in September 11, 2001 has left many people constantly paranoid of their safety in the public and in their homes. Evidently, these events called for the sudden reshaping of state laws and policies. These also prompted the need to shift paradigms and for the state to pry into the private realm to reveal any bad intent that may cause damage to the public. To many people, the question still remains. Who shall delineate the line on what remains private and what is public when the need arises Who shall say that the government can intervene in most private decisions an individual or household shall make (Chaiten, 2004) How shall every private individual be assured that the rule of law will constantly be implemented and that the inquiry into the public realm is justified This cannot go unresolved as people have witnessed how tendency to abuses and prejudices can harm a small number of people out there. The State is inviolable. Its general principles lie in serving the people that constitute it. Yet, it remains as a mere legal concept. Its

Why minorties lagging behind in healthcare management professions PowerPoint Presentation

Why minorties lagging behind in healthcare management professions - PowerPoint Presentation Example Among the other reasons are a lack of diversity in healthcare leadership and workforce. Minorities are only a small portion of the healthcare professionals, though they are a substantial portion of the population (over a quarter of it!). The lack of diversity causes rigidity and lack of flexibility in terms of methods used and changes to the program of healthcare. This leads to bad communication between officials and the minorities, and also in a system which is poorly designed for minorities, meaning that they arent receiving as much individual attention as they should (Betancourt, 2002). The way to improve this situation is to pay attention to the special needs of minorities, be aware of their differences from others and develop unique healthcare programs which put an emphasis on what they need, instead of incorporating them in the population. This could mean putting focus on diseases which are more prevalent in different minorities. This could also mean taking a step back and examining the fallacies of the healthcare system and see how it is possible to change the current situation and apply new, more innovative techniques and approaches of dealing with minorities, whether it is by education doctors more about special communities concerns and needs, encouraging more people that are minorities to work in this profession or any other way possible (Medige, 2002; Koberg, Boss, Sengem & Goodman,

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder Essay Example for Free

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder Essay One of the great things about being a human is having the sexual desire to be intimate with another person. Many consider having the passion for sexuality is the driving force behind human behavior, but for some, this passion is non-existent. The purpose of this essay is to examine sexual dysfunction, particularly a disorder called Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD). HSDD is the deficiency or the absence of sexual fantasies or the desire for sexual activity, which ultimately lead to distress or interpersonal difficulty amongst a person† (Maserejian et al. , 2010). Communication problems, anger, a lack of trust, connection and intimacy can all adversely affect a woman’s sexual response and interest (Burman 2001).† It is said sexual dysfunction is due to infrequent orgasms, low levels of arousal and sexual excitement (Basson 2006). In a relationship, it is normal behavior for women to engage in sex and to crave emotional closeness with their partner. In a study by Women’s Health across the Nation (SWAN), 6 cities in 6 countries were surveyed. It was found 40 percent of women reported they infrequently or never felt sexual desire (Basson 2006). It is evident there are many ways to look at the potential causes of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD). Throughout this paper, the following sources will be conversed; specifically the psychosocial state, which refers to the mind’s capability to develop and interrelate with a social environment. Traumatic incidents and emotional issues are two factors that can also be linked to sexual dysfunctions throughout adulthood. Studies show child abuse is one of the biggest factors that lead up to sexual dysfunction in adulthood. This abuse can be linked to dysfunctions physically, emotionally and intellectually to oneself. Along with child abuse, depression and anxiety most often become the outcome of such act, which are other factors that lead up to HSDD. Today, HSDD is under thorough research to conclude more defined answers for this disorder. Nonetheless, the purpose of this paper is to examine Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD) specifically the psychosocial causes such as anxiety, child abuse and depression. Having the lack of desire for intimacy can be caused by a person’s emotional state of mind. When a person has a negative view towards sex due to previous experiences, it heavily affects their outlook on sex in the long run. Anxiety occurs when a person is triggered by stress and those who are anxious usually â€Å"negative self-talk†, a habit of telling oneself the worst-case scenario. One who has HSDD feels a high form of anxiety towards sex due to insecurities or dysfunctions they feel anxious about. When one carries heavy anxiety towards sexuality and intimacy, it weakens their desire for sex. Self-esteem can be related to the development of anxiety. Moreover, traumatic incidents, sexual abuse and depression can also lead to the cause of HSDD. In a study done at a University at the Sexual Behavioral Clinics, several answers were found. In this case study, the sample size was 145 adults without sexual dysfunctions and 198 adults with sexual dysfunctions. All of these individuals were married heterosexual couples between the ages of 25-68 years of age (McCabe 2005). Researchers were able to categorize adults with sexual dysfunction into six groupings, these include: premature ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, male lack sexual desire, female inorgasmia, female lack of arousal, and female lack of sexual desire (McCabe 2005). Researchers hypothesize coital anxiety is the main result of sexual dysfunction with their partners. It is believed anxiety causes a damper on most spouses’ relationships due to constant fear on inability to perform sexually, which inevitably causes tension between couples due to anxiety (McCabe 2005). Throughout this study, it was also found that anxiety created depressive symptoms between sexuall y dysfunctional adults. A potential effect for the depressive symptoms lead to less satisfying sexual activities with a partner, causing individuals to turn to a more reliable way of pleasure, masturbation (McCabe 2005). All in all, high levels of anxiety can affect the intimacy of a relationship. More specifically, the constant fear focused on the inability to perform sexually or fear caused by past events causes strong tension between couples, which allows anxiety to grow. There is always room for research and McCabe (2005) believes more investigation on the effects of anxiety and HSDD can be done in order to fully understand the disorder. The events that take place during childhood inevitably shape a person in adulthood. One of the main causes for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder can be linked to a previous history of child abuse. Traumatic experiences as a child can strongly affect the psychosocial development of an individual. According to Webster Dictionary, Psychosocial is the relation between social conditions and mental health (Webster). Traumatic events during childhood can lead to a dysfunction called sexual desire disorder. Flashbacks of the event in childhood can occur for several years and continuously stay with the individual long term. A sexual desire disorder can frighten an individual in having any desire to be intimate or sexually active with anyone. A study conducted by Myriam S Denov (2004) examines individuals who were previous victims of sexual abuse as a child. This study involves a sample size of 14 victims, 7 male and 7 female. However, this sample size could potentially pose a threat to the external validity of this study because it represents individuals would only face female-perpetrated sexual abuse. The data was collected by several questions and interviews throughout a six-month period. Victims were consulted before screening in order to find the most precise answers. The aim of the study displays the long-term negative effects these victims carried after their traumatic experiences. Denov (2004) found that victims of childhood abuse were in less satisfying relationships with their partner sexually and emotionally. Respondents also reported long-term difficulties with substance abuse, self-injury, depression, strained relationships with partners and discomfort with sex (Denov 2004). Specifically with male respondents, common results for the study include arousal dysfunctions and fear of sex with women. Specifically for females, those who experienced childhood sexual abuse demonstrated lack of pleasure or satisfaction from sexual encounters (Denov 2004). It is evident childhood sexual abuse strongly effects adulthood developing a fear of sex, arousal dysfunctions, sexual inhibition and lack of pleasures by sexual encounters (Denov 2004). All in all, all these factors can strongly lead to a dissatisfying sexual relationship with a partner. Depression adversely affects every aspect of an individual’s life, including our relationships. When depression occurs between sexual encounters, it can heavily affect the relationship negatively (Lykins 2006). When one suffers depression, a lost of inte rest in sexual activities can occur and evidently minimizes a couple’s desire for intimacy (Lykins 2006). This can be shameful because intimacy, closeness and support can be therapeutic for an individual suffering depression. Some studies have linked depression with a decrease in sexual activity but others have reported an increase. In Lykins’ (2006) study, 663 females college-aged students answered questions regarding the effects of anxious and depressed mood on sexual interest and arousal. These respondents completed trait measures of sexual excitation and depression. It was discovered depressive symptoms tend to possess a greater desire in sexual activities for these women, mostly gearing towards masturbation (Lykins 2006). It was found that depressive symptoms lead to less satisfying sexual activities with an encounter. Moreover, respondents turned to masturbation because it was more reliable then pleasure. In this study, a variable discovered was that propensity for sexual excitation was the strongest predictor for women between depression and sex (Lykins 2006). Furthermore, depressive woman had the strongest tendency to perform risky and compulsive sexual behavior or develops sexual dysfunction. Along with this study, another sample were 339 college-aged men where some also developed depression throughout their adolescents. When men were compared to woman for those suffering in depression, men carried much stronger desires for sexual interest during these mood states. Unfortunately, there are a number of factors that limit the accuracy of this study. One of which those with clinical depression were not considered. Furthermore, to ensure reliability of the study, these issues can be looked further to ensure accuracy for this topic. As mentioned through this paper, there are numerous factors that could be linked to Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD). HSDD is the deficiency or the absence of sexual fantasies or the desire for sexual activity, which ultimately lead to distress or interpersonal difficulty among a person (Maserejian et al., 2010). This disorder can most certainly be a damper on relationships with a partner. Anxiety correlates to HSDD when the individual develops a fear of sexual relations and insecurities towards their sexual performance (McCabe, 2005). It is apparent child abuse is a huge factor which causes one to develop HSDD. Denov (2006) had found that traumatic events as a childhood can lead to dysfunctions and can lack sexual desires for any encounters. Additional research is needed to answer all questions between HSDD and depression. This evidently can help complete analysis and fill the gap between the two factors. An improvement that could be made within all the studies is bigger sample sizes in order to achieve more accurate information. A final suggestion for future and more precise research would be the effects of sexual desire in relation to males, as many of the studies are geared towards female participants. References: Basson, R. (2006). Sexual desire and arousal disorders in women. The new england journal o f medicine, 354, 1497-1506. Retrieved from http://www.obgyn.uab.edu/medicalstudents/obgyn/uasom/documents/September/SEX DYSF.pdf Berman , J. (2001). For women only: A revolutionary guide to reclaiming your sex life [. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co. Denov, M. (2004). The long-term effects of child sexual abuse by female perpetrators. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(10), 1137-1156. Retrieved from http://jiv.sagepub.com/content/19/10/1137.full.pdf html Maserejian, N. (2010). The presentation of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. International Society for Sexual Medicine, 7(10), 3438-3448. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20646184 McCabe, M. (2005). The role of performance anxiety in the development and maintenance of sexual dysfunction in men and women. International journal of stress management, 12(4), 379-388. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/str/12/4/379.pdf Psychosocial. 2013. In Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved Feb 4, 2011, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/psychosocial

Educational inequality and NGOs Essay Example for Free

Educational inequality and NGOs Essay You have, perhaps, never heard a discussion or symposium on the topic, â€Å"Men-their role in the society. † The discussion is always about women. Men perhaps, have no role! This is not to say that the men can not do some of the jobs normally done by women. Even today the best chefs are men! The talk of giving equal rights and educational facilities to women goes on all over the world unabated. All the Acts of Parliaments in the world will not bring equality for women. The change has to be achieved within-both men and women. How can you say that women need to be given equal rights? God has created her, given her the status of more-equal. Nobody can take that right away. It is the mother who gives ‘protection’ for the initial nine months to the divine creative force of the future male or female! A female child is victimized at every step of life, from the moment of birth. Women should be the legal and spiritual equals of men. Male and female are alternative beats of the same heart. Discrimination against females contributes negative impacts as for the wellbeing of the society as a whole. The gender differences are transmitted from generation to generation. Their impact varies, softens or hardens, due to various social, cultural and political factors. Basically gender means the biological differences between females and males. â€Å"Gender refers to the meanings that are attached to those differences within a culture. † ( Kimmel p. 3 ). Apart from the biological differences, other differences are human-made. â€Å"Traditional gender ideologies and present changing gender norms affect the way gender is taught through the â€Å"hidden curriculum† found within every classroom today in America. Gender ideologies past and present influence the policies and the economic realities of education in today’s society. Education is one of the leading institutions that teaches and bolsters the gender inequalities which we see in America. † (Our Educational†¦)Even the most enlightened find it difficult to transcend the concept of gender inequality. The thorn will have to be removed by thorn. We say classrooms contribute to maintain inequalities; we also need to understand that the educational system implemented through the classrooms is the ideal place to make a start in educating the gender inequalities. Kimmel writes, â€Å"†¦the message students get, from both the content and the form of education, is that women and men are different and unequal, and that the inequality comes from those differences, and that, therefore, such inequality is justified† (p. 151). As for removing the gender inequalities, NGOs can do a lot in awareness campaigns, running small model schools, but this great social malady deeply impacted by the cultural, religious traditions, can not be set right overnight. The political will of the people of a country to obtain equal opportunities for the subjugated female gender counts much. If one turns the pages of history of gender education, what used to happen a century ago seems unbelievable in the circumstances prevailing today. Stupendous advancement has been made by the female gender in education, and consequently on all fronts. â€Å"When women tried to enter the classroom in 1900 at the University of Rochester, after it opened its doors to women who could raise money to build new dorms and facilities, â€Å"male students responded by stamping their feet, physically blocking classroom doors, and jeering at them whenever they appeared on campus† (Kimmel p. 153). World renowned intellectuals like Rousseau averred that women are created to give pleasure to men. The intervention of the NGOs has softened the attitude of the policy makers to a great extent. Four decades ago, before the 1970s, women had lees openings to obtain a good education. Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972, provides an equal opportunity to all in educational programs and activities. â€Å"The average female pre-kindergarten teacher in 1980 earned $8,390, while her male counterpart earned $14, 912. †in USA. (Kimmel, 2000). America has the special gender related problem, closely linked to its racial history of African American community. This is a highly complicated issue that needs to be viewed from attitudes about sexuality, culture, the role of the Black Church, Male dominance within Black communities, which obstructs the progress of women in the field of education etc. â€Å"The process by which Black communities has arrived at its current situation, in which 54 percent of Black children live in single-parent, largely female-headed and less prosperous households, 68 percent of African-American children are born to unmarried mothers and 47 percent of the prison population and 29 percent of those who are confined to mental hospitals are Black. † (Henry, 2007) So much about the global north as for the gendered educational inequality! As for the global south, if we take the example of a developing country like India, women in Indian Society are no better. The conditions are slowly evolving in favor of women and emancipation of women is in sight and that is due to women’s education, diversification of their roles, bar to child marriage, encouragement to widow remarriage, occupational mobility etc. The urban women in India are better placed than their rural counterparts for obvious reasons. Most of the NGOs working in the field of education are established in the urban and metropolitan areas. Whereas the NGOs can not exercise legal powers directly, they help women in making them aware about the existing legal rights. NGOs also play active role in sensitization of Women, Building confidence in women, Change in Social Attitude, Collective Awareness, etc. Conclusion: â€Å"Schools are like old-fashioned factories, and what they produce is gendered individuals,† says Michael S. Kimmel. But hopefully they are changing for the better. Education to women on par with men, may lead to other cultural and social problems. That is another issue. On this factor, women can not be denied their right to higher education. Education is the mainstay on the basis of which many a reformation and rehabilitation programs can be chalked out and implemented for the benefit of women. NGOs all over the world are precisely attempting that. Legislation can extend the helping hand legally. What matters is the change in the male perception and attitudes as for the all round growth of the personality of the female gender.   References: Kimmel, Michael S. 2000. The Gendered Society. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Henry, Kathy: Gender Talk29 May 2007 In the African-American studies book Gender Talk, Dr. Johnnetta how gender inequality affects the entire African-American community. ezinearticles. com/? Gender-Talkid=584732 –Retrieved on July 25, 2008

Relevance Of Identifying Peoples Needs And Strengths Social Work Essay

Relevance Of Identifying Peoples Needs And Strengths Social Work Essay Explain the Relevance of identifying Peoples needs and strengths, Respecting Diversity and promoting recovery in support of your working practice. Identifying clients needs and strengths, respecting diversity and promoting recovery are part of my volunteer role, playing an important part in the treatment process and the service of Addaction. How they are identified, the reason they are used and their role in the clients journey will be incorporated in explanatory statements and reflective passages using Schà ¶ns Reflection on Actions (1983 as cited in Powell 1989). Identifying a clients needs and strengths is achievable through assessment and working in partnership. Assessment is the main tool used to identify needs and strengths, matching the type of therapeutic intervention and intensity with the needs of the client. Assessments, though part of initial screening, are on-going processes, needs change and without continual monitoring and reassessment throughout treatment, support and interventions can become unengaged to the individuals requirements. Effective assessments direct the implementation of comprehensive care and support, bearing relation to the effectiveness of treatment and positive outcomes, benefitting clients, especially those with complex needs,. Where assessment must be done by numerous services, partnership across disciplines ensures continuity of treatment and support provided. Identifying needs and strengths determines the direction of treatment, implementation and options available to clients, their suitability and required skills inclusive of wrongly focused skills and limitations. It enables treatment to be client focused and adaptable increasing the successfulness of that process. Motivation of current and future actions and intentions can be identified from a clients needs and strengths, empowering the client, giving appropriate support and access to services. Interventions must be bases on the motivations of clients, promoting engagement in services at the most appropriate level to achieve their goals. The process of identifying needs and strengths is as important as the implementation of the information gained. Inaccurate or omitted information effects subsequent service actions negatively; this is magnified in treatment outcomes, so competency levels, involvement and explanations of processes must be carefully considered and relative to the client. Using internal frames of reference and sensitivity are important, giving insight into the client situation and needs from a subjective viewpoint, facilitating good communication enables accurate information to be gathered generating effective service actions. The needs and strengths of a client can affect how care plans and actions are achieved and the method in which they are delivered. They enable the client to articulate their goals; immediate, short term and long term and put plans into motion whilst incorporating what they need, what they want and what they are good at. It allows prevention/coping methods to be put in place for skills they feel they lack or are unfamiliar with, reassessment allows feedback of the effectiveness of these strategies. Throughout treatment needs and strengths vary, physical and mental needs can affect positive or negative treatment results and being cyclic the treatment itself can have bearing on physical and mental needs of a client. Therefore continual revaluation both of treatment and needs are important to maintain balance, integrate focus and ensure the relevance of interventions. Reassessment of needs and strengths is a valuable tool, enabling clients to monitor their progress constructively and from both sides of the practitioner/client relationship. This enables adjustments and reflections on treatment, goals and support regularly involving engagement and participation from both sides. In order to achieve an effective system that meets the individual treatment needs of substance misusers, there needs to be in place a process of screening, assessment, care co-ordination and treatment review. (Department of Health, 2002 ,p8) On reflection, when a client is referred to our service a comprehensive assessment is done and identifies needs in different ways. Risk assessments, care plans and goals, aims and objective exercises identify needs and strengths and incorporate them in treatment interventions. Clients are encouraged to examine their needs and reflect on situations regularly, identifying lacking skills and additional needs using personal goals sheets. This helps evaluate treatment, enables a better understanding of aims and strengths, reassesses needs and strengthens partnerships. Ultimately by understanding the needs and strengths of a client social inclusion and recovery is promoted. The assessment and treatment process must incorporate personal, social, cultural and spiritual needs of the clients identity, the assessment and the identification of these needs assists in re- affirming forgotten and unacknowledged needs, in their current lifestyle, to the client. Diversity brings richness of experience, knowledge and understanding of the practitioner and client, developing and generating mutual respect and acceptance. Diversity enables both growth and development, creating flexible views and consideration of alternative values. Open mindedness, positive regard and non-judgemental practices enhance the practitioner/client relationship, stimulating communication and insight, obtaining positive treatment results by acknowledging and respecting diversity. Respecting diversity enables tailored insight into the clients values and principles, treatment respectful of their diversities can be incorporated into care and support, enhancing the experience and outcome. Services have an obligation to comply with current legislation to promoting diversity, avoid discrimination and to acknowledge and compensate for any difficulties or boundaries caused by adopting a strategy positive to diversity. All parts of assessment and care should encompass the individuals needs in relation to diversity. Issues of cultural diversity and the development of culturally competent services are essential ingredients of effective treatment systems. (Department of Health, 2002, p28) Social exclusion through prejudice and discrimination, towards the client, can manifest as conflict, verbal confrontation, perceived accusations or blame initiated by adopting practices disrespectful of diversity. Social inequalities can be highlighted through diversity, acknowledgment of difference and the fear of difference can present challenging and emotional situations. Such situations if respectful of difference can engage, confront and offer insight though must allow for sensitivity and active participation. Respecting diversity within the workforce is especially relevant for those being treated for substance misuse, due to the range of services and providers, from generic health care, social care to criminal justice. A diverse workforce provides a high quality service with specialist skill set and experiences enhancing the treatment process for clients. (Department of Health, 2002, p) Understand and acknowledging diversity was part of my initial volunteer training, incorporating the diversity of clients and services. Our service has many different aspects to it throughout the criminal justice system, respecting the diversity of environments and clients are essential. Diversity training helps me acknowledge and understand environments and clients enhancing my professional relationships and working practices, inclusive of the diversity of the team that I work with. Within my volunteer placement, my two mentors are from different back grounds, one is ex-police and the other is an ex-substance user. They bring different skills, experiences, viewpoints and methods to the role but with the same principles and outcomes, this benefits the clients and myself, giving a richness and diversity to my placement and the clients experience. Recovery is unique to the individual, personalised to the client and subjective. To facilitate recovery it is important to address the values and principles of practitioners and clients, enabling understanding, acknowledgment and providing a service based on the clients needs. In order for change to take place, using The Cycle of Change Model (1982 as cited in Davidson, R. 2002), external situations, goals, needs and strengths must be identified, even with the integration of multiple issues, each must be considered on individual merit. Facilitation of change needs to be done by empowerment of the client, enabling the understanding of issues and implementation of coping strategies to be achieved. Recovery is seen to be an outcome of treatment, though in reality it is a sequence of events, inclusive of vulnerabilities and breakdowns that determine breakthroughs and achievements. Often these setback are vital opportunities to grow, learn and change, facilitated by the practitioner, determined by the clients own choices, actions and goals. Clients are experts in their own recovery and experiences, participation must be promoted around this knowledge and insight gained to deliver tailored programmes of care. To achieve recovery focused outcomes, the treatment system needs to become more responsive to individual needs. (NTA, 2010, p5) Recovery may differ in interpretation inclusive of reduction, maintenance, stabilisation or abstinence based goals, each determined by the client and of equality importance. Recovery includes the implication of health education, risk prevention and harm reduction methods, drug use though not desired is possible and recovery though achievable may not be permanent. Constant assessment, reassessment and reviews are vital during the recovery process, addressing multiple topics and reviewing interventions, time to investigate and explore is necessary to facilitate change. To facilitated change the programme of care must adapt and respond, promoting and believing in recovery. Hope is vital enabling the client to see that outcomes are achievable, hope and belief in the clients potential is vital to change and the success of implemented care. There is always hope of recovery and it is vital to communicate that from the start in all mannerisms. (Stickley Basset, 2008, p133) On reflection, our treatment programmes have time constraints and though the foundations of recovery and the cycle of change are implemented full recovery occurs outside our service. Our perception of recovery within our service is the identification of needs and strengths, the beings of change, hope and the belief that a client is beginning on their journey with the tools, goals, the service support required to achieve their individual recovery goal. To conclude strengths and needs, respecting diversity and promoting recovery are all vital parts of the treatment process, each facilitating and supporting the recovery process. Each is interconnected and interdependent in the implementation of care, treatment and the facilitation of recovery. The successful implementation of each of these positively influences the possible treatment outcomes for the client. Strengths and needs require on-going assessments and include respecting diversity within aims and interventions, which is part of promoting unique recovery, enabling and empowering clients to achieve their desired goals. 1584